TNF and breast cancer: When NF-κB is activated, it can promote breast cancer development and contribute to the production of proinflammatory cytokines such as interleukins (ILs), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and tumor necrosis factor (TNF).[12] Previous studies[10,13–15] have revealed that dysregulation of the PI3K/Akt/NF-κB signaling pathway leads to the progression of breast cancer and is closely associated with tumor inflammation.