In terms of the relationship between malignant lymphoma and G-CSF, a meta-analysis of 13 randomized control studies for malignant lymphoma concluded that G-CSF/GM-CSF prophylaxis significantly reduced the incidence of FN, neutropenia, and infection but did not significantly improve freedom from treatment failure or OS.[17] A randomized prospective trial reported that primary prophylaxis with pegfilgrastim reduced FN incidence and hospitalizations resulting from neutropenia or FN in patients with NHL aged 65 years or older.[18]. This evidence concerns the gene CSF2 and infection.