INS and metabolic disease: In addition, Tobi et al. (2018) illustrated that DNA methylation acted as a mediator of the association between prenatal adversity and risk factors for metabolic disease, and it has been shown that methylation of cg09349128 was associated with the expression of PIM3, a gene implicated in cell growth and energy metabolism (Beharry et al., 2011) and glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in β cells (Vlacich et al., 2010).