INS and metabolic disease: Diabetes (diabetes mellitus, DM) is a metabolic disease characterized by increased chronic blood sugar levels, which is characterized by imbalances in glucose homeostasis, abnormal carbohydrate, and lipid metabolism, and is mainly caused by insulin resistance and insulin secretion dysfunction [1], eventually leading to systemic complications, such as hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, renal toxicity, liver damage, and vascular dysfunction.