TNF and hepatitis B virus infection: We consulted the literature to rule out the pathways that were not related to gout, such as cancer and hepatitis B, and selected the relatively important pathways [e.g., the HIF-1 (degree value: 15), PI3K-Akt (degree value: 12), TNF (degree value: 11), and NOD-like receptor signaling pathways (degree value: 7)] using the network analysis function in Cytoscape 3.7.0 (Table 3).