SMAD4 and cancer: The top mutated genes reported in the list of cancer-related genes in the COSMIC database24 and OncoKB database25, such as KRAS (96%), TP53 (86%), SMAD4 (37%), CDKN2A (24%), RNF43 (10%), ARID1A (10%), TGFBR2 (9%) and KMT2C (7%), were identified in PDPCOs (Fig. 2), consistent with the TCGA dataset23(Supplementary Fig. 2b).