Kalathil et al. performed a global analysis of immune dysfunction in HCC and reported that HCC exploited multiple immunosuppressive mechanisms to evade active immune surveillance of the host, such as induction of Tregs, recruitment of Myeloid -derived suppressor cells, expression of PD-1 on T cells and increased production of inhibitory cytokines [22, 23]. This evidence concerns the gene PDCD1 and hepatocellular carcinoma.