AZM also showed anti‐inflammatory effects on various studies; for instance, Cigana et al. demonstrated that AZM reduces TNF‐α mRNA expression, TNF‐α protein levels, and NF‐κB DNA‐binding activity in human cystic fibrosis (CF) cell lines subsequent to the confirmation of a higher rate of TNF‐α mRNA expression, TNF‐α protein levels, and NF‐κB DNA‐binding activity in CF cell lines compared with isogenic non‐CF cell lines.19 Here, TNF is linked to cystic fibrosis.