When present in excess and in non-physiologic labile forms, Fe is toxic to the kidneys (as in Hb-associated AKI) and causes renal damage or aggravates AKI elicited by other insults (e.g. Moussavian et al. 2007; van Swelm et al. 2016; Zager and Gamelin 1989; reviewed in van Swelm et al. 2020). The gene discussed is GSTM1; the disease is acute kidney injury.