1,25(OH)2D3 upregulates PDL1 and PDL2 and CTLA4 by direct transcriptional induction through the VDR and VDRE (Dimitrov et al., 2017) It has been suggested that elevated vitamin D3 signalling in humans could suppress anti‐tumour immunity via increased PDL1 expression. This evidence concerns the gene CD274 and neoplasm.