TNF and pneumonia: The inflammatory mediators adsorbed to DND in the samples of the pneumonia group were IFN-γ, ILs, MMPs, TNF-α, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and insulin-like growth factor binding protein-1 (IGFBP1), while DND did not bind to CXCLs, CCLs, and growth factors in the plasma of pneumonia patients (Figure 4A, left panel).