The protective immunity was associated with increased levels of IL-5, IL-4 (Lange et al., 1994), and IgE (Abraham et al., 2004), but not with INF-Υ response (Lange et al., 1994; Johnson et al., 1998), indicating that Th-2 response and eosinophil effector cells are important for the irradiated L3-induced protective immunity against a challenge infection with O. volvulus. The gene discussed is IGHE; the disease is infection.