Many studies have reported that the overexpression of CSF-1R is associated with the poor prognosis of many malignant tumors, including gastric cancer (27), breast cancer (28), renal cell carcinoma (29), etc. However, it remains controversial whether CSF-1/CSF-1R signaling mainly functions through regulating tumor immunity or tumor cell malignancy. This evidence concerns the gene CSF1R and gastric cancer.