TNF and HIV infectious disease: In addition to sCD73, we further detected the baseline concentrations of various cytokines and chemokines, which were reported to associate with disease progression or clinical outcomes during HIV infection, including IFN-γ, IFN-α, IL-18, IL-1β, IL-15, TNF-α, IL-2, RANTES, MIP-1β, IP-10, and IL-7.