TRMT6 and neoplasm: To examine whether TRMT6/61A-mediated tRF-3 modification observed in cell line models (Figs. 1–6) is also seen in tumor samples, we obtained matched tumor and normal samples from clinically diagnosed BLCA patients (Supplementary Table 6), in which we confirmed by RNA-seq and RT-qPCR that TRMT6 RNA is over-expressed in tumor samples (Supplementary Fig. 7a, b).