Th1 cells secrete pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-2 (IL-2), IL-8, and IL-12p70, that can activate macrophages and cell-mediated reactions that play critical roles in resistance to infection by intracellular pathogens and in cytotoxic and rejection reactions. Here, TNF is linked to infection.