INS and Impaired glucose tolerance: Thus, it is unclear if the chronic effect of taVNS on glucose metabolism in patients with impaired glucose tolerance (Huang et al., 2014) and diabetic animals (Li et al., 2014) observed by these investigators is a direct effect of taVNS on glucose metabolism or an indirect effect caused by improved insulin sensitivity and upregulated insulin receptors secondary to taVNS‐induced weight loss.