APOA1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus: Accordingly, in T2DM patients, recombinant-HDL stimulated insulin secretion and reduced plasma glucose.17 Interestingly, plasma glucose reduced at 30 min whereas insulin secretion rose after 1.5h, suggesting an insulin-independent glucose-lowering mechanism, potentially AMPK-dependent glucose uptake, which may be enhanced by ApoA1.16 This study acutely altered HDL-C, so suggested mechanisms may reflect the impact of chronic changes in HDL-C.