INS and diabetes mellitus: Cellular and rodent studies have characterised multiple HDL glucose-lowering actions insofar as HDL acts centrally at ß-cells to inhibit apoptosis, reduce inflammation and promote insulin secretion, reviewed elsewhere.7,16 In the periphery, HDL-mediated cholesterol-efflux increases insulin sensitivity and glucose uptake, especially by muscle.7 Together, these mechanisms reduce plasma glucose, suggesting a role for HDL-C in diabetes pathogenesis.