To date, the standard treatment for high-grade gliomas (HGGs) consists of surgical tumor resection followed by fractionated radiotherapy and chemotherapy with alkylating agents, such as temozolomide (TMZ)93–95, or with molecular targeted drugs (for recurrent tumors), such as bevacizumab (BEV) (an antiangiogenic drug)96–99 and irinotecan (a DNA topoisomerase I inhibitor)97,100. The gene discussed is TOP1; the disease is central nervous system cancer.