TOP1 and glioma: To date, the standard treatment for high-grade gliomas (HGGs) consists of surgical tumor resection followed by fractionated radiotherapy and chemotherapy with alkylating agents, such as temozolomide (TMZ)93–95, or with molecular targeted drugs (for recurrent tumors), such as bevacizumab (BEV) (an antiangiogenic drug)96–99 and irinotecan (a DNA topoisomerase I inhibitor)97,100.