Instead, separating related AI diseases such as Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis, both forms of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), followed by Kaplan–Meier analysis indicates that TNF-antagonist treatment results in the lowest probability of BPH diagnosis in patients with either of these related AI diseases (p = 0.0054; Supplementary Fig. 1), in all AI diseases other than IBD (p < 0.0001; Supplementary Fig. 2), as well as in all AI diseases combined (p < 0.0001; Supplementary Fig. 3). Here, TNF is linked to benign prostatic hyperplasia.