The authors concluded that this finding, together with analysis of clinical measures for endogenous insulin secretion and long-term blood glucose concentration over time (C-peptide and HbA1c, respectively), support the hypothesis that insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia has a direct impact on cancer pathogenesis and development, rather than representing a spurious association confounded by shared risk factors between type 2 diabetes and cancer [10]. This evidence concerns the gene INS and type 2 diabetes mellitus.