AFP and diabetes mellitus: To date, CVB3 strains are associated with various diseases, and the manifestations vary from mild respiratory [33], gastrointestinal infections [34, 35], herpangina [36], and hand, foot, and mouth disease [7, 8, 37], to more severe diseases such as heart disease (including viral myocarditis [6, 38], pericarditis [39], and acute myocardial infarction [40]), CNS involvement (meningitis [30, 36, 41–43], meningo-cerebellitis [11], encephalitis [44], and AFP [45–47]), and pancreatic interrelated disease (pancreatitis [48], diabetes [49]).