HK2 and cancer: However, CMA also prevents fibroblast transformation by promoting the degradation of the MYC proto-oncogene [8] and many other cancer-related proteins, such as mutant TP53/p53 (tumor protein p53), LDHA (lactate dehydrogenase A), PKM (pyruvate kinase M1/2), and HK2 (hexokinase 2) are CMA substrates [9].