Besides, heteromers formed by STAT2 and STAT1 or IRF9 without phosphorylation also induce expression of ISGs through non-canonical pathways.27 In our study, we found that STAT1, STAT2, and IRF9 increase after treated with curcumin in leukemia, but we could not detect the phosphorylation of STAT1 and STAT2, indicating that curcumin promoted the expressions of AIM2, IFI16, and NLRC4 through non-canonical signal. This evidence concerns the gene IRF9 and leukemia.