In this sense, SP/NK-1R system has been previously targeted in radionuclide tumor therapy [29, 30], and the efficacy (e.g., inducing late apoptosis pathways) of targeted alpha therapy with 213Bi-DOTA-SP against low-grade glioma and secondary/recurrent GB has been confirmed in patients [31–33]. Here, TACR1 is linked to glioma.