PINK1 and Parkin can repress MDV formation by inhibiting the recruitment of Rab9 and Sorting nexin 9 to mitochondria, hence inhibiting a mitochondrial antigen presentation pathway that relies on MDVs instead of mitophagy and preventing the ensuing inflammatory responses that contribute to PD pathology (Matheoud et al., 2016). This evidence concerns the gene PRKN and Parkinson disease.