TNF and atherosclerosis: Further experimental studies indicate that hydrogen prevents arterial intimal hyperplasia and atherosclerosis by inhibiting ROS and TNF-α/NF-κB pathways (62, 63); inhibits macrophage-derived foam cell apoptosis; stabilizes atherosclerotic plaques (64); reduces vascular stenosis; and promotes formation of vascular collaterals using the FIk1-Notch signal stimulated by paracrine VEGFs, thereby improving local microcirculation (61).