ATP7A and Parkinson disease: Human post-mortem and animal model data link MC-1 dysfunction to Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases (Tsukada, 2016; Kanazawa et al., 2017; Barron et al., 2020; Fang et al., 2020) Even a small loss of MC-1 activity significantly affects ATP synthesis and mitochondrial respiration in brain mitochondria (Pollard et al., 2016; Wilson et al., 2020).