TNF and necrotizing enterocolitis: For instance, through intraperitoneal injections of Gr-1 antibodies combined with carrageenan with significantly depleted polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) and macrophage in the NEC mice model induced by cronobacter sakazakii (CS), led scientists to realize that the cytokines including IL-1β, IL-12, IL-6, TNF-α, iNOS were all up-regulated, the apoptosis of vascular epithelial cells significantly surged, and those with variations could exacerbate NEC-mediated intestinal lesions (111).