In addition, some other vital genes also involved in the aberrant immune response to GMD in IBD patients, such as nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-containing-2 (NOD2), Caspase-recruitment domain 15 (CARD15), immunity-related GTPase M (IRGM), autophagy-related 16-like 1 (ATG16L1) (95). Here, NOD2 is linked to inflammatory bowel disease.