Addition of IL-21 alone or in combination with other cytokines (such as IL-7 and IL-15) into the expansion culture, can further support the enrichment and expansion of Tscm cells with superior antitumor activity (157), consistent with recent clinical data that WT1-TCR engineered T cells generated in the presence of IL-21 showed long-lasting persistence with superior anti-leukemia activity in humans (13, 142). This evidence concerns the gene IL21 and leukemia.