TGF-β is produced by many cell types including tumor cells, stromal cells and Tregs (221), and stimulates autocrine and paracrine signaling to promote angiogenesis (222), suppress CD8+ and Th1 anti-tumor responses (223), and induce epithelial-to−mesenchymal transition of neoplastic cells and thus facilitate tumor invasion (224). The gene discussed is CD8A; the disease is neoplasm.