These interleukins have been linked to mucosal inflammation in mice and humans, especially in inflammatory bowel diseases (Rutz et al., 2014; Zou and Secombes, 2016; Moschen et al., 2019), while Il12β has been linked to antiviral response in both fish and humans (Sakai et al., 2021). This evidence concerns the gene IL12B and inflammatory bowel disease.