FFA activated TLR 4/TLR 2, stimulated nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) and Jun amino-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling, induced the expression of inflammatory cytokine genes, such as TNF-α and IL-6, and aggravated insulin resistance in adipocytes and macrophages (31, 32). This evidence concerns the gene MAPK8 and Insulin resistance.