BDNF and major depressive disorder: It has likewise been reported that rTMS applied to both the left and right DLPFC can be administered in the effective treatment of depression and can improve serum neuron-specific enolase (NSE) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels as well as temporal perception in neurologic patients, causing an overall protective effect on neurological function (34, 37, 38).