TNF and diabetes mellitus: Following treatment with MO in a diabetes rat model or chemically-induced liver and kidney damage, MO was found to provide its therapeutic effect by reducing the expressions of several pro-inflammatory cytokines TNFα, IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-12 (Joung et al., 2017; Azevedo Í et al., 2018; Abdou et al., 2019; Chin et al., 2019; Abdel Fattah et al., 2020; Abd-Elhakim et al., 2021; Abou-Zeid et al., 2021).