M1 activation, as induced by viral and bacterial infections, is characterized by the production of ROS and proinflammatory mediators, such as IL-1β (interleukin one beta), TNF-α (tumor necrosis factor alpha) and IL-6 (interleukin 6), which provide a robust microbe-killing activity (Shapouri-Moghaddam et al., 2018). The gene discussed is TNF; the disease is bacterial infectious disease.