TNF and Alzheimer disease: Furthermore, in neurodegenerative diseases such as AD, concurrent activation of IFN-I signaling [111–113] and the production of cellular injury- and death-associated factors and other AD-related proinflammatory factors, including IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF [112, 114], may contribute to the heterogenous appearance of classically “reactive” [112, 115] or hypertrophied microglia [111, 115, 116].