For instance, NLRP3 has been found to be negatively modulated by CS exposure in human THP1 cells and in mice (Han et al.2017; Buscetta et al.2020), whereas other studies indicate NLRP3 activation upon CS insult in bronchial epithelial cells and other pathologies as atherosclerosis, vascular and bladder dysfunctions, or brain injury (Li et al.2019; Mehta et al.2020; Rumora et al.2020; Wu et al.2020; Ma et al.2021). This evidence concerns the gene NLRP3 and injury.