VIM and neoplasm: Immunohistochemical studies of the tumor slides revealed that the anti-tumor effect in the group treated with TiOxNPs prior to radiation treatment was associated with an elevation in the expression of pH2AX (DNA damage marker) and C-Caspase-3 (apoptotic marker), as well as a reduction in the expression of Ki67, PCNA (proliferative markers), snail, slug, and vimentin (EMT markers) compared to the PBS-treated group.