While macrophages, neutrophils, DCs, Tregs and CAFs has been reported to have pro-tumorigenic effects in the TME (6, 36–39), the KPNA4-correlated infiltration of CD8+ T cells seemed to be inconsistent with the potential tumor-promoting role of KPNA4. Therefore, we further analyzed the relationship between the expression of KPNA4 and cytotoxic CD8+ T cells markers GZMA, GZMB and IFNG in PDAC. This evidence concerns the gene GZMA and neoplasm.