HGD and alkaptonuria: For example, genetic mutation of disorders such as alkaptonuria (ochronosis), in which patient's body is deficient in homogentisic acid oxidase, could lead to calcified intra-articular loose bodies, which severely compromises the quality of life of the patients.117,118 In such a scenario, mRNA can be designed to synthesize the homogentisic acid oxidase enzyme and upon successful delivery, it will enable the cells to produce the same, thus offering a therapeutic outcome.