TLR4 and infection: Shirey et al. (2021) examined how antagonizing TLR4 signaling has been effective experimentally in ameliorating acute lung injury and lethal infection in challenge models triggered by acute lung injury-inducing viruses. At the moment, eritoran is being analyzed in 1 phase IV clinical trial with positive clinical outcomes. Lastly, montelukast is a cysteinyl leukotriene receptor 1 antagonist used as part of an asthma therapy regimen whose mechanism blocks the action of leukotriene D4 resulting in decreased inflammation of lung smooth muscle (Wishart et al., 2018).