TLR4 and cancer: Importantly, cancer invasion induced by TLR4 stimulation was markedly enhanced in USP15KO A549 cells treated with LPS, whereas it was inhibited by co-treatment of LPS with 3-MA or CQ (Fig. 3B, C, LPS vs. vehicle, or LPS + 3-MA and LPS + CQ vs. LPS in Ctrl A549 and USP15KO A549).