TLR4 and lung cancer: Importantly, autophagy functionally facilitates TLR4-induced lung cancer progression by enhancing TRAF6-mediated ubiquitination of BECN1 and the production of IL-6, CCL2/MCP-1, CCL20/MIP-3α, VEGFA, and MMP2 [7, 10–12], strongly suggesting a pivotal role of the TRAF6-BECN1 signaling axis in lung cancer progression.