GDF5 and fibrosis: Other potential therapeutic applications for modulators of BMP signaling include cardiac fibrosis, where both BMP2 and BMP7 have shown promise in animal models (Flevaris et al., 2017; Wang et al., 2012); Parkinson disease, where both BMP2 and GDF5 appear to promote the survival of dopaminergic neurons (Hegarty et al., 2014; O’Keeffe et al., 2017; O’Sullivan et al., 2010); and cancer, where the inhibition of BMP signaling reduces tumor formation in mice (Yokoyama et al., 2017).