DPP4 and acute kidney injury: Therefore, we conducted comprehensive pairwise and network meta-analyses based on a Bayesian inferential framework to synthesize both direct and indirect evidence from all available randomized controlled trials (RCTs) to compare the efficacy of SGLT-2 inhibitors, GLP-1 agonists, and DPP-4 inhibitors in reducing composite kidney outcomes and AKI risk in participants with type 2 diabetes.