SNCA and Parkinson disease: Among the cellular mechanisms of the mutant proteins that cause familial PD are ones related to protein folding and aggregation, and phosphorylation of α-syn (encoded by the SNCA gene), neuroinflammation, intracellular vesicular trafficking, lysosomal and mitochondrial function (Hong et al., 2011; Hirsch et al., 2013; Ryan et al., 2015; Poewe et al., 2017; Kuhlmann and Milnerwood, 2020).