A study on the inflammatory factors in vaginal secretions of patients with mixed infection of BV + trichomoniasis found that the inflammatory factors, regulated on activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted (RANTES), macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-3α, MIP-1β, monocyte chemotactic protein, and galectin-1, were elevated, indicating an obvious inflammatory phenotype in mixed infections (Fichorova et al., 2021). Here, CCL5 is linked to bacterial vaginosis.