TNF and ischemic stroke: TNF was reported to be produced by microglia and leukocytes in ischemic stroke tissue and plasma TNF receptor 1 (TNFR1) and TNFR2 target post-stroke inflammation could be a promising adjunctive therapy for IS patients (Clausen et al., 2020); however, Kang X et al. held a different view that no protective effect of TNF/TNFR1 inhibition on IS was observed through drug-target Mendelian randomization (Kang et al., 2022).