CD86 and neoplasm: In general, however, M1 TAMs are defined by expression of CD68, CD80 and CD86 and secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα), interleukin (IL)-1α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-12, IL-18, and IL-23 as well as nitric oxide (NO) synthase that contribute to eliminating tumor cells (30–32).