CYCS and epilepsy: Cornus officinalis fruit polysaccharides reduce the activation of ROS and Mitogen-activated protein kinaseMAPK cascade pathways in hippocampus after epilepsy, the change of mitochondrial membrane potential, the leakage of cytochrome C, and the activation of cleaved caspase-3, thereby reducing neuronal apoptosis and having neuroprotective effects on epilepsy (Sun et al., 2018).