Moreover, a recent study has reported that dysregulation of BDNF/TrkB signaling mediated by NMDAR/Ca2+/calpain contributed to postoperative cognitive dysfunction in aging mice while inhibition of NMDAR or calpain by memantine or MDL-28170 treatment reversed the BDNF/TrkB signaling disruption and attenuated cognitive impairments after anesthesia and surgery. This evidence concerns the gene BDNF and Cognitive impairment.