Based on these points of view, we hypothesized a potential mechanism: anesthesia and surgery induced neuroinflammation and overactivated NMDARs while the dysfunction of NMDARs triggered the overactivation of calpain leading to the truncation of TrkB-FL, BDNF/TrkB signaling dysregulation, and finally, cognitive impairments. Here, BDNF is linked to Cognitive impairment.